Author: gcousque

Glen Cousquer is Lecturer and Programme Coordinator on the MVetSci Conservation Medicine Programme at the University of Edinburgh.

The Gorilla Doctor Bridging Health and Nature

In this blog post by Dr Nelson Bukamba, we learn of his remarkable journey into, through and beyond the Conservation Medicine programme and how he is emerging as an inspiring leader in the field of conservation medicine.

My path through the Conservation Medicine programme

Choosing this path of professional development through the Conservation Medicine programme at the University of Edinburgh has been a pivotal milestone for me as a wildlife veterinarian. This beautiful journey started off at the very beginning of my employment with Gorilla Doctors, a team of dedicated Rwandan, Ugandan and Congolese veterinarians working passionately to protect the health of endangered eastern gorillas across the range states of Rwanda, Uganda and DR Congo.

Dr. Nelson preparing for wildlife non-invasive sampling.

My field work with Gorilla Doctors deepened my commitment to the health and conservation of eastern gorillas and the ecosystems they inhabit. This has been informed by the development of an interdisciplinary One Health approach that is a core pillar of Gorilla Doctors’ mission and the practice of conservation medicine.

Building on the One Health approach of Gorilla doctors, my studies have deepened my understanding of the intricate relationships between animal health, environmental sustainability, and public health and expanded my perspective on the global health and conservation challenges we face. The conservation medicine programme was a transformative experience in my life, one that has shaped my aspirations, skills, and vision for the future of wildlife medical practice. In this blog post, I share a few insights into my journey.

The Beginning of the Journey

My desire to study conservation medicine can be traced back to my lifelong passion for wildlife and ecosystem health and it was only natural to find myself applying for the MVetSci in Conservation Medicine. At the beginning of my postgraduate studies, I transitioned in my career from working with one species of great apes (chimpanzees) to another species of great apes, the mountain gorillas under the Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project (MGVP), a.k.a Gorilla Doctors. This was one of the defining moments of my career, the realisation of one of my life aspirations. Having worked in different conservation areas, I had witnessed first-hand the complex interplay between human activities, emerging diseases, and wildlife conservation. Given such complex interactions, I knew there was an urgent need for a more collaborative approach, involving all conservation players and that I needed to explore ways of bridging veterinary science, ecology, and public health. And it was this realisation that I carried as I moved deeper into the programme.

Silver Back Magara (Posho Gorilla Family), Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda

From the outset, the programme offered me an opportunity to think beyond conventional veterinary medicine. Overall, I was served a beautiful dish of holistic approaches to conservation incorporating aspects of wildlife disease ecology, epidemiology and One Health principles. The taught courses emphasised pressing global issues such as emerging infectious diseases, zoonotic disease transmission, habitat destruction, and climate change impacts on biodiversity – issues that I have myself witnessed impacting the survival of different wildlife species.

Challenges and Growth

Of course, balancing studying and work at the same time was a demanding challenge. Starting graduate school is both exciting and overwhelming; the expectations are high and the learning environment is often more independent compared to undergraduate training.

The interdisciplinary nature of conservation medicine challenges students to develop their critical thinking, research competencies and ability to make original contributions. My postgraduate training helped me to develop competencies beyond my initial veterinary training. I was able to integrate knowledge from diverse disciplines, critically analyse data, and propose solutions to complex conservation issues.

At the end of my studies, this all fed into a beautiful research study for my dissertation year, one that encompassed wildlife disease ecology, cross-host transmission, zoonotics and public health elements.  One of the most valuable components of the programme was the emphasis on real-world case studies and multidisciplinary collaboration. Given that Gorilla Doctors was spearheading a research project through the EpiCenter for Emerging Infectious Disease Intelligence, a consortium of research partners focused on advancing an understanding of viral emergence from wildlife in forests and rapidly urbanising environments, it made sense to align my research with this work and to contribute directly to a disease response planning programme. For my dissertation, I therefore found myself investigating the possibilities of cross host transmission dynamics of parasites among mountain gorillas and domestic animals from front-line communities surrounding the protected area of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park in Uganda.

Noninvasive sampling of Adult L’hoestii monkey using a salimetric swab as part of wildlife disease surveillance

My research project was deeply rewarding and personally transformative and I was delighted when it was recognised by the award of the Dissertation Prize for best thesis. The experience reaffirmed my passion for research and conservation policy, steering me toward a future where I could contribute meaningfully to global conservation efforts, particularly in Africa.

Beyond the Programme

Graduating from the Conservation Medicine programme marked the beginning of an exciting new phase in my career as a wildlife veterinarian. Equipped with a deeper understanding of the challenges facing wildlife and ecosystems , I now embrace collaborative in situ efforts to addressing conservation challenges through a One Health approach.

My goal is to ensure that scientific discoveries are translated into significant conservation efforts by bridging the gap between research and policy. I also envision a future of a new generation of leaders committed to preserving the biodiversity of our planet, and I am excited to be part of the journey in fostering a new generation of such leaders across several conservation fronts.

My journey so far has reinforced my belief in the power of interdisciplinary collaboration and the necessity of a holistic approach to conservation. I have come to acknowledge the gift of “Not Knowing” which I have come to appreciate as “True Knowledge”. I have come to witness the limitations of the bias of living with knowing as I encounter my silent patients in the wild.  My practice today embraces the paradoxical humility of “Not knowing”, enabling me to attend with an open mind and heart to the more-than-human world I care so deeply about. As I continue to navigate the dynamic field of conservation medicine, I am grateful for the invaluable lessons and experiences that have shaped my path and strengthened my dedication to the conservation of mountain gorillas and their fragile habitats.

Dr. Bukamba Nelson a reflective practitioner of conservation medicine
Dogs in front-line communities receive veterinary health care

From smallies to sea birds: My Conservation Medicine journey of discovery

In this blog post, Fiona Greco, who graduated from the Conservation Medicine programme in 2019, captures the essence of her transformation from a small animal vet to a professional working with some of the “big” conservation challenges we face. Fiona tells of her disillusionment with practice, her decision to study on the programme and how this has led her to pursue doctoral studies on how Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza is affecting the internationally important sea bird colonies our island nation is blessed with.

From small animals to birds via fish…

On reflection, I had a fairly linear journey for an animal-obsessed child into veterinary medicine, and I never really considered that I would do anything other than small animal clinical practice. Finding myself five years post-graduation and neither comfortable nor fulfilled in that role was bewildering. While increasingly struggling with anxiety in day-to-day practice, I developed an interest in the topics of One Health and population medicine. These are not overly prominent in the everyday role of a small animal clinician but somehow they spoke to me.

It felt huge admitting that clinical practice wasn’t the best fit for me, but having always been passionate about learning I started actively looking for opportunities to develop in a different direction. The MVetSci Conservation Medicine degree stood out as an ideal opportunity to explore health on a bigger scale, and to rediscover that childhood passion for wildlife and the environment.

Within a few weeks of the Masters programme, I knew I had made the right decision. The strangest things stick in your mind, but there was a moment early in the course when reading about Nipah virus, wildlife and agriculture that I thought yes, this is what I’m interested in! Those introductory modules really sparked my interest in the infectious diseases of wildlife, particularly in the interplay between wildlife, environmental change and anthropogenic causes.

The programme itself is diverse and well-paced, allowing me to further explore epidemiology and wildlife disease intervention, and highlighting contemporary conservation challenges. Alongside infectious disease, I also gained a particular interest in translocation as a conservation method and this led me to conduct a literature review on disease risk analysis in the translocation of fish for my final year dissertation. The Conservation Medicine programme team were excellent in encouraging my interests, and I graduated knowing that I wanted to continue in my exploration of disease challenges in wildlife.

Further study beckoned

Soon after graduation I applied, and was accepted for, a PhD project advertised via the Edinburgh Earth, Environment and Ecology Doctoral Training Partnership (E4 DTP) in conjunction with the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH). This project aimed to assess the impact of environmental change on host responses to infection and disease, focusing on European shag seabirds on the Isle of May National Nature Reserve (NNR), which lies in the Firth of Forth, close to Edinburgh. This incredible island plays home to important breeding sea bird populations. The Isle of May Long-Term Study (IMLOTS) forms part of UKCEH’s network of long-term monitoring sites for detecting effects of environmental change, particularly climate change.

The European Shag (Gulosus aristotelis) is one of six intensively studied species breeding on the Isle of May off the Fife Coast.

The Isle of May is a magical place to conduct fieldwork

Now in my last six months, it’s difficult to summarise this incredibly diverse, demanding and extraordinary PhD. I’ve spent an incredible three months a year for the last three years living amongst a diverse wealth of seabirds on the Isle of May, returning to the lab or office for the interim nine months. Initially focused on the links between migration and nematode burden, my direction of research was significantly influenced by the emergence of High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) virus in UK seabird species part way through my PhD. Sharing a home with such characterful individuals while AIV devastated seabird populations across the UK and Europe stirred both an emotional and academic response, and I have spent the remainder of my project dedicated to research on this subject.

Admittedly, the PhD experience has been a significant learning curve, not only in unfamiliar aspects of statistical analysis and modelling but in setting my own pace and research goals in the face of continually evolving disease challenges. A background in clinical practice certainly has its advantages though, not only in the practical aspects of handling or sampling, but particularly in terms of resilience, flexibility, and communication. Despite the challenges, it has also been hugely rewarding, learning from an incredible team of researchers and field staff and practically applying skills in a true wildlife disease context.

Any initial apprehension at leaving clinical practice has diminished with the knowledge that I can truly utilise hard won veterinary skills within disease ecology, and apply these to any future role within Conservation Medicine and disease investigation. The Conservation Medicine course gave me the confidence to step outside of my pre-conceived idea of a veterinary career, and I would fully recommend it to anyone wishing to explore health challenges in our increasingly altered environment.

Fiona conducting field work for her PhD

Puffins and guillemots are two of the other species studied on the Isle of May

Further Information

To read more about the Research Group that Fiona is working with please visit the Behavioural Ecology in Animal Populations webpage. You can also read the latest publication to arise from Fiona’s research in the following 2025 paper in Scientific Reports.

 

 

Being a conservation vet in challenging times

In this wonderful blog post from one of our current students, on the MVetSci programme in Conservation Medicine, we learn a little about what it is like working on the front-lines of rhino poaching. Jennifer shares with us what has led her to become a conservation vet and why she cares so much about making a trauma-informed contribution to nature conservation. As she does so, she helps us to understand the extent to which Conservation Medicine is becoming an interdisciplinary field and, in this instance, how it is learning from the field of Collective Trauma Studies. Jennifer has chosen to focus her research for her dissertation on the need for trauma awareness in rhino poaching and why trauma awareness is essential if we are to sustain ourselves in the interdependent work of conserving nature and healing ourselves. We hope you enjoy reading about the horizons her studies and work are helping her explore.

 

Being a conservation vet in challenging times

(Jen Lawrence)

“I tell you this

to break your heart,

by which I mean only

that it break open and never close again

to the rest of the world”

(From the poem Lead by Mary Oliver)

A landscape of possibility - a sandy path running forward to a distant horizon in the African bush.

Figure 1: A landscape of possibility

I write to share my heartfelt journey of living and working as a conservation vet in South Africa and how this is continuing to shape the person I am. I am nearing the end of my dissertation year on the Masters in Conservation Medicine programme. Through what follows, I share with you how I am continuing to widen my circle of caring and deepen my connection to myself and Mother Earth. I hope that in sharing this, you may consider how we might all allow our hearts to break open to this world.

It is no secret that the world we humans have constructed and know is unravelling at an overwhelming pace. We only have to look outside and see how we have transformed landscapes and ecologies, leaving a wake of destruction and painful loss. Wild spaces are diminishing, and wild beings are more unwittingly entangled and lost in the complexities of how we are shaping this world. Turning away is easier than facing the suffering and so we continue to sleepwalk through life. This only prolongs the pain and constricts our ability to truly feel love and joy at being alive. As a conservation vet working on the front-lines of wildlife conservation and rhino poaching in South Africa, I acknowledge my grief and personal suffering as I continue to witness the loss of our natural spaces and species. Whenever I find myself facing suffering head on, my awareness of how necessary it is to break our hearts open deepens. It is at times like this that I truly remember who I am, and who we are in the intricate web of life.

Figure 2: The author tending to a traumatised orphan rhino

How my personal journey is breaking my heart open

I am relatively new to the conservation space. In 2021 I moved back home after several years in the UK working in small animal clinics, and started my conservation journey in 2022. In 2023, I took up a full-time position with African Wildlife Vets which has put me in the heart of the African bush. In this time, I have come to understand what it means to be passionate, heartbroken, inspired, humbled, grateful and in awe. When I started out, I already felt that my purpose was rooted in my connection to Mother earth, and that I am only one small thread weaving through the complexities and challenges that we face. Little did I know what an impact this space would have on me. Living with nature as I do now has given me more space to connect and delight in the wonders of life; it has also brought me closer to the pain and suffering of beings who were here long before us. Standing with the shattered body of yet another rhino whose life was ruptured by the brutality of greed, I bear witness to the collective heart break of those present. Watching how another wild dog limps along, with a wire snare cutting deeper into her body, terrified, confused and in pain … and how she is held collectively by her pack, courageously trying to keep her alive. Feeling the sigh of relief when another black rhino, who has unknowingly wandered into unwelcome human populated territory is spotted and brought back home. Seeing the confusion and fear on the face of an orphan rhino as we try and bring him to safety and witnessing the dedication and commitment of those looking after him.

Figure 3: Recognising our interconnectedness

Threading through these stories is a depth of suffering and some may say a sense of hopelessness at what continues to unfold. This is the stark reality of the challenges we face. There is another element that I want to invite into this space; it is easy to get so wrapped up and spiral into despair and there are times where I catch myself doing exactly that. Allowing myself the space to mindfully move through the pain, I reflect on what I am being taught by nature herself each time I am gifted an opportunity to work with her. Early on I made a commitment to not only serve her, I also wanted to learn from her. Robin Wall Kimmerer describes how knowledge and learning happen through a respectful and reciprocal interaction with all forms of life on earth, not only human (Wall Kimmerer, 2021). Her words have encouraged me to step beyond the confines of my mind and to patiently observe and absorb the mysteries of nature and how they relate to my own life. I have come to appreciate that I am part of a deeply connected community and that we are just as complex and vibrant as the landscapes and beings with whom we work. I have learnt what humility truly means, being outwitted, and outsmarted on several occasions by hyena and wild dogs. I have witnessed how deep the connection runs between a mother and her young. I have witnessed the arrival of the next generation of young antelope and shared in their joy and delight as they playfully danced together in the day’s fading light. The construct of certainty begins to dissolve, leaving space to welcome in the slow, flowing pace of nature.

Figure 4: Pausing to appreciate the marvelous beauty of nature

This slow, flowing pace continues to be swept up by a sense of urgency of what we face on a continuous basis – the rapid decline of biodiversity and the urgent need to protect it. This comes at an emotional and physical cost to passionate and dedicated conservationists who have been facing this suffering for much longer than I have. Hearts continue to break; tough outer armour is wrapped around more tightly protecting an inner tenderness that has been fragmented by bearing witness to the suffering and loss. I have come to know this heart break personally and by listening to colleagues reflecting on their experiences. This led me to focus my Masters dissertation on the need for trauma awareness for those working on the frontline of rhino poaching. As my project has progressed, I have come to understand from first-hand experience how necessary it is to become more trauma informed and aware. Ignoring the fracturing of our emotional landscapes leaves us lost and more afraid than ever. In an interview with Emergence Magazine, Joanna Macy describes how despair is a form of profound caring, and when we tend to it and acknowledge it, we can transform it and turn towards action (Emergence Magazine, 2018). Without facing the heart break, we will not be able to break our hearts open to live in a more compassionate and tender communion with all of life.

References:

Emergence Magazine. (2018). Widening Circles– with Joanna Macy. [online] Available at: https://emergencemagazine.org/interview/widening-circles/ [Accessed 6 Feb. 2024].

Oliver, M. (2017). Devotions: The selected poems of Mary Oliver. New York: Penguin Press, p146.

Wall Kimmerer, R. (2021). Gathering moss: A natural and cultural history of mosses. London: Penguin Books, p82.