At heart, both the weak governance and the poor urban design that is causing the problem. Kibera is heavily governed with minimal municipal support and is characterized by unclear land ownership that is gives cost to investment into infrastructure. The unplanned and crowded layout of the settlement with narrow alleys and no proper roads makesContinue reading Research Problem?

Just for perspective. Key Findings Table Aspect Key Findings Source Population and Density Kibera, with ~250,000 residents, has high density, complicating WASH access. K-WATSAN Report WASH Accessibility 77.4% of residents have limited WASH access; average distance to water: 95.5m. WASH Accessibility Study Governance Challenges Weak formal systems; K-WATSAN committees faced consultation gaps. K-WATSAN Report DesignContinue reading Key Findings Table

The UN-Habitat K-WATSAN project in Soweto East aimed to improve WASH by means of community participation, the formation of management committees, and the construction of seven sanitation blocks and a road. The road, which fostered commerce, and sanitation blocks reduced ‘flying toilets’ and 55.7 per cent of 275 residents said they had ‘much better’ conditionsContinue reading A bit more on my Literature Review?

So, according to research, Kibera’s governance structure that is replete with low municipal support and reliance on informal systems further impede equitable access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services. Land is much controlled by the Kenyan government but the historical claims and permits induce tenure ambiguity discouraging landlords from developing infrastructure such as waterContinue reading What have I seen so far in my Literature Review Research